Woman Warrior Letter

Woman Warrior Letter After reading The Woman Warrior, I had a lot of questions. First of all, some of these questions were a result of the unfamiliar structure of the novel. I was confused by the many stories told in the memoir. When I read them as separate stories, I could not see a point to all of them; I did not notice how and if they were connected and I did not understand why Kingston was telling them. Since they did not directly relate to her life, I could not see their purpose, and they plain out confused me. But I think that she did this for that purpose- for the reader to struggle along with the protagonist and for the reader to become confused just as the story-teller is.Two things that confuse me is how the narrator jumped back and forth between viewpoints and also time periods. For example, she jumps between the point of view of Brave Orchid, Fa Mu Lan, and the protagonist.LAN 1I found it interesting that her memoir was made up of the stories of others. Then I noticed that the protagonist oft en credited these stories to others and just hinted that some of the notions were creations of her imagination. I think Kingston uses this technique to hint to the reader that the protagonist is defining herself in the terms of others; except in the last section when she finally speaks for herself.2 Another part of the memoirÂÆ' ¢Ã‚ ¢Ã‚‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚„ ¢s structure that added to my confusion was the fact that I did not know what the overall plot was. Since I did not know the ultimate point the author was getting to, it confused me when she moved between different periods in time with different stories. The combination of these ÂÆ' ¢Ã‚ ¢Ã‚‚ ¬Ã‚…“foreignÂÆ' ¢Ã‚ ¢Ã‚‚ ¬Ã‚‚  writing techniques made it...

Editing Your Medical School Personal Statements

Editing Your Medical School Personal Statements Medical school personal statements can be extremely arduous and complicated essays to compose. That is why I recommend that anyone planning to apply to medical school secure the services of a professional admissions essays editor to help. A reliable professional admissions essays editor can help make the overall writing process much easier, and can assist you in making your final product a true work of genius. Contrary to popular belief, hiring a professional editor to help with your medical school personal statement does not alleviate you from having to do most of the work. As with any other written composition to whom you would submit a professional editor, your medical school personal statement must be well-organized, complete, and written to the best of your ability. It is important to remember that the job of a professional admissions essay editor is not to write your paper for you, but rather to proof and correct your efforts. Finding a professional editor to assist with your medical school personal statement is easy with the help of the Internet. In my opinion, the easiset way to find a professional editor is to conduct an online search via a reputable Internet search engine, and then choose from the variety of results. When choosing a professional editor, make sure that he or she is well qualified and will be willing to review several drafts. Hiring a professional editor will make the task of having to write a medical school personal statement much less stressful. For help in finding an editor or if you would like additional information on medical school essays, please dont hesitate to contact me. In the meanwhile, I encourage you to take advantage of the link provided on this page. This link will direct you to an excellent online resource where you can find all sorts of admissions information.

Controlling Strategic Plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controlling Strategic Plans - Research Paper Example The research paper "Controlling Strategic Plans" discusses why it is necessary to monitor and control strategic plans and who should be responsible for this. When the organization deviates from the set goal, monitoring and controlling activities help it bring back ‘on track’. Moreover, any lacunae in the planning process can be identified only when proper monitoring process is in place. Needless to say that the controlling activities or corrective actions are possible only through proper monitoring of the implementation of the strategic plan and the results. While developing a strategic plan is important for an organization, it is equally necessary to implement them effectively. Monitoring and controlling activities are essential parts of an implementation program of the strategic plan. Monitoring the plan periodically means ensuring that the plan is progressing ahead in the right direction to fulfill the goals that the organization has earmarked. Monitoring and controll ing exercise should be done by the top person of the organization such as Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer who is responsible for implementing the strategic plan because then it becomes possible for him or her to identify the shortfalls in the strategic plan and take remedial measures. Failing to monitor and control strategic plans will result into non-achievement of the strategic objectives. Deviations in outcomes are bound to come but that is the monitoring and controlling activities that help update the strategic plan time to time.

Micro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro - Assignment Example According to Samuelson and Temin the opportunity cost of a choice is determined by the next best choice, and for many allocations, opportunity cost is measured by monetary value (Samuelson and Temin, 1976, p.20). Hubbard and Brien write that choices are costly thus the need for an alternative that will incorporate the scarce resources (Hubbard and Brien, 2006, p.8). Choices have both the implicit and explicit. Explicit costs are which monetary value is lost i.e. the sacrifice of the choice is paid out in monetary value. On the other hand, implicit costs are costs for which there is no monetary value in the choice made. The principal forfeit in this cost is time. According to Douglas the cost of production of any product is estimated in terms of what is foregone (Douglas, 1994, p.171). The concept of opportunity cost is best illustrated by production possibility frontiers. A PPF demonstrates the probable combination of two products e.g. let us consider a firm in UK producing computers and mobile phones. When it uses all its resources, it can produce 6.8 million computers and 50 million mobile phones. Computer (m) Mobile Phones (m) 84 0 80 1 70 3 60 5 50 6.8 40 8.2 35 8.8 20 10 5 11 Production Possibility Frontier Opportunity cost will lead to trade off in the choices of consumers and a comparative advantage in countries. A trade off entails a forfeit made to obtain a certain good. The output increases when countries specialize in the goods and services they have absolute advantage. For example let us consider UK and country B-producing motor cars and trucks. Maximum production Max Output U.K. Country B Cars 60 45 Truck 40 20 Employing all the resources U.K. can produce 60 million cars and 25 million trucks, while country B can produce 45 million cars and 20 million trucks. It is therefore right to say that U.K. has an absolute advantage in producing both goods, but it has comparative advantage in producing trucks since it is 2 times better at producing them than country B, whereas it is 1.3 times better in producing cars. The concept of opportunity comes in production of products by countries. Countries that produce goods using few resources at low opportunity cost have a high comparative advantage in producing those goods. However, comparative advantage ignores costs and assumes there are no diminishing returns (Hubbard, p.101). Effect of change in price of disposable hospital gowns in U.K Change in demand Price P=p* p=p1 DD 2 DD 1 output A decrease in the price of disposable hospital gown in the United Kingdom results to an increase in demand from DD 1 to DD 2. Supply remains the same in this case. Change in demand and supply due to change in market SS 1 p SS 2 P=p* DD 2 DD 1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Quantity A change in the price of hospital gowns will result to an increase in demand. An increase in demand results to more production as firms try to meet the increased demand. This result to change in the equilibrium price (McGraw-Hill, p.58). Market equ ilibrium shows the relationship between market demand and market supply. There is competitive and Nash equilibrium. Profit is the variation between revenue and costs. In economics profit denoted as П is the differentiation of marginal revenue and marginal cost i.e. П = TR-TC. High revenues translate to high profits if the production cost is low. Usually a company tries to maximize profits

Problems of Teen Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

Problems of Teen Pregnancy Essay Teenage pregnancy is simply defined teenage girl who became pregnant at an early age. The term connotes that the girl has not reach the legal adulthood before conceiving. Like United States, our country, Philippines also facing this kind of problem. Our government discusses how to prevent and low down the rate of pregnancy especially in the teenagers. Most cases of teenage pregnancies are observed in the lower economic strata of society where there is a lack of knowledge, awareness and facility to address the problem of unintended pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is often associated with an increase rate of delinquent behaviors including alcohol and substance abuse. An absentee parent can create insecurities in children, and depending on the parent’s role in the child’s life, can make some children more prone to crime and other emotional issues. Causes of teen pregnancy and tips to surpass it Family problem affects the thinking ability of a teenager. It makes them to create decisions that they think it’s good for them, they ask advices to their friends than their families. This is also the time that teens are starting to learn to drink alcohol and use prohibited drugs to satisfy their selves and to forget the problems between his/her family. One thing that the teens think can help them to get away from their family is to get pregnant. They act so reckless yet after getting pregnant they’ll come to their parents for the financial support for the baby. If the family problem doesn’t stop that early this will be the reason for the adolescent to pursue their plan in getting pregnant. Their mind is really sober and can’t think well, one of the family members should talk to their family member that is involved on the specific circumstances. Parents have the most important role in the life of a teenager. They are the ones that adolescents look up too whenever they have problems. They must be responsible for the safety and wellbeing of their children. Try to be more supportive than to criticize them. Try to discuss with them some certain issues to reach an outcome that you and your teenager can both accept. Make conversation with them over breakfast and dinner, having heart to heart talk with will help to enlighten their minds and they can think clearly. One factor that leads teen girls to become pregnant is peer pressure. Many teens sexualize themselves or engage in behavior for which they are not yet ready because they want to fit in or be popular. Peer pressure to engage in sexual activity is so common, a variety of terms refer to the behavior, such as hooking up, booty calls or referring to someone as a friend with benefits. If you’re a parent, consider the impact that peer pressure could have on her decisions, and the potential ramifications of this impact. Any teen succumb to pressure to have sex. All teens have sexual urges especially boys, they engage in sex before they are ready. Popular teens are also vulnerable. Some of the typical peer pressures that teenagers face are drugs, smoking, alcohol, sex and dangerous driving. If their friends value having sex, then they are likely to have sex, too. Many times these teens let their friends influence their decision to have sex even when they do not fully understand the consequences associated with the act. Still others find it easier to give in and have sex than to try to explain why not. Some teenagers get caught up in the romantic feelings and believe having sex is the best way they can prove their love. Most teenagers experience sudden and hitherto unknown emotions and feelings during their early puberty. They feel a natural sense of rebelling against the set norms as well. All this, coupled with a sudden sense of new-found freedom and sexuality, results in many of them giving vent to their feelings through sexual expressions and experiences. The only way they could probably achieve that would be by having a boyfriend or girlfriend or at least by dating and indulging in sexual acts often. This kind of rash behavior could lead to unintended pregnancies. When you feel threaten and pressure, you must stop and ignore them. These people will bring the worst out of you. Find a substitute and affirming friend, it’s good to have friends who can affirm you. Develop a sense of humor; crack a joke and everyone’s going to admire you. Be prepared, make a plan and be prepared for the times you’ll face peer pressure. Most teens do not want to become pregnant; they are still becoming so as a result of sexual activity. While actual force to have sex is rare, many teenage girls (especially those under the age of 15) feel pressured to have sex. Rape does happen and is one of the reasons that teen pregnancies occur. Rape by boyfriends, family members and even strangers can result in teen pregnancy. 50 60% of teens were molested prior to their first pregnancy, 50% of perpetrators were family members. To avoid rape, avoid walking alone as much as possible. Be mentally prepared. Always carry pepper spray and learn self defense. Ways of Preventing Teen Parenthood Teenage pregnancy is a rather frightening reality that can change your life in an instant. The good news is that teenage pregnancy is avoidable: By not having sex, you never risk getting pregnant. If you do decide to have sex, its best to stay informed about what you can do to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Abstinence is the only form of birth control that is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Abstinence also protects people form STDs. This way helps teenagers to refrain from getting pregnant. Also prevents pregnancy by keeping the sperm out of the vagina. For us, abstinence is the safest way of preventing pregnancy. It has many benefits, it has no medical and hormonal side effects and it is free. Teenagers can used this method to focus on school, career and family. Any woman or man can abstain from sex play. Many do so at various times in their lives. Teen girls are more likely to get pregnant if they have limited or no guidance from their parents. Many parents have busy lives that prevent them from providing the guidance and support that their young teenagers need to make good decisions on issues such as sex. If you’re a parent, talking to your children will have a big effect on them especially when you’re talking about intercourse. Communicating with your children about sex, love, and relationships is often more successful when you are clear in your own mind about these issues. Start the conversation, and make sure that it is honest, open, and respectful. Many inexpensive books and videos are available to help with any detailed information you might need, but don’t let your lack of technical information make you shy. If you’re a teenager, ask advices to the people you trust. Let them clarify issues about pregnancy and sex. Don’t be shy asking your parents about it. Being open to them will keep you away from the risk of getting pregnant. The effectiveness of birth control methods is critically important for reducing the risk of unintended pregnancy. Effectiveness can be measured during â€Å"perfect use,† when the method is used correctly and consistently as directed, or during â€Å"typical use,† which is how effective the method is during actual use (including inconsistent and incorrect use). Using contraceptives helps those to refrain to avoid pregnancy also some contraceptives are good for health. You can use injectable progestin; this method is extremely effective since all thats required of a woman is to return to her health care provider for a shot every three months. Males can use male condoms; these are thin tube made of latex. This is the best contraception to avoid having STDs. Psychological Effect of Teen Pregnancy Its common for pregnant teens to feel a range of emotions, such as fear, anger, guilt, confusion, and sadness. It may take a while to adjust to the fact that youre going to have a baby. Its a huge change, and its natural for pregnant teens to wonder whether theyre ready to handle the responsibilities that come with being a parent. A. Emotional Effect 1. Initial Excitement Some teenagers are excited to bear a child, especially when it is their first pregnancy. They are excited to see their baby. Others are excited to buy clothes and other things for the baby. They think of names for the baby. 2. Confuse Some are confused and at a loss on what to do. They are too young and many have no idea about bearing a child. 3. Afraid Some are scared. They think of questions like, â€Å"How should I tell my parents? † â€Å"How will I face my classmates? † or â€Å"What is the best thing to do to solve this problem? † They are afraid to answer these questions. They feel scared on what will be the reactions of their parents. 4. Frustrated Pregnant teenagers will realize that they are not yet ready to bear a child when it’s already late. 5. Hopelessness Low self-esteem increases vulnerability and decreases her ability to refuse to go along with risky sexual behaviors. 6. Denial – Some teenagers just neglect and abandoning her/his baby. 7. Worries about the future – Several uncertainties may arise. She may start worrying how would she dealing with the baby herself. 8. Mood Swings Its very common to have mood swings during pregnancy. Some girls may also experience depression during pregnancy or after delivery. B. Mental Effect of Early Pregnancy 1. Depression It is common among pregnant teenager who is desperate to solve their problems. Some teenagers try to solve their problem by abortion and suicide. Abortion, it is the removal of a fetus from the mother’s womb. Abortion is illegal. About 300,000 to 500,000 women undergo abortion every year. Article 256, 258 and 259 in the Revised Penal Code of the Philippine penalize women who undergo abortion and others who help her with imprisonment. Some teenager, however, think that abortion is a way to solve their problem. Medical Risk A woman of any age is pregnant and unaware of it is likely not to get the nutrition she needs to sustain both herself and her unborn child. Part of what boosts the rate of mortalities in teen births is that, worldwide, teens have a higher rate of premature birth and low birth-weight babies. Many researchers believe that this is due to a lack of adequate prenatal care, either because teen mothers are too scared or lack the financial resources to seek out medical help. Many wait until the third trimester to see a doctor, which raises levels of anemia and nutritional deficiencies in young mothers. Because of this lack of early care, children of teen mothers are more likely to suffer from health issues and to be hospitalized within their first year of life. Prematurity plays the greatest role in low birth weight, but intrauterine growth retardation (inadequate growth of the fetus during pregnancy) is also a factors. The younger a mother is below age 20, the greater the risk of her infant dying during the first year of life. It is very important for pregnant teens to have early and adequate prenatal care. Factors can be divided into maternal and fetal. Maternal factors include age (younger than age 15, older than age 35); weight (pre-pregnancy weight under 100 lb or obesity); height (under five feet); history of complications during previous pregnancies (including stillbirth, fetal loss, preterm labor and/or delivery, small-for-gestational age baby, large baby, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia); more than five previous pregnancies; bleeding during the third trimester; abnormalities of the reproductive tract; uterine fibroids; hypertension. Premature may have problems with his or her vision, digestion, and respiratory. Children born to teenage mothers are less likely to receive proper nutrition, health care, and cognitive and social stimulation. As a result, they are at risk for lower academic achievement. Teens are more at risk for certain problems during pregnancy, such as anemia, high blood pressure, and giving birth earlier than usual (called premature delivery). Clinic-focused programs provide easier access to information, counseling by health care providers, and contraceptive services. Many of these programs are offered through school-based clinics. See a doctor as soon as possible after you’ve found out that you are pregnant to begin prenatal care. Take vitamin supplements that are recommended by your doctor to support you and your baby’s health. Avoid the intakes of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy. Using illegal drugs such as cocaine or marijuana during pregnancy can cause miscarriage, prematurity, and other medical problems. Babies can also be born addicted to certain drugs. Socioeconomic Problems Throughout the developed world, teenage pregnancy is more common among young people who have been disadvantaged in childhood and have low expectations of education or the job market. Socio-economic circumstances seem to play a major role in rates of teen pregnancy. There may be a growing â€Å"lost generation† of young people who see no reason not to get pregnant. Teens coming from poor economic status and single parents are more likely to participate in risky sexual behaviors. For some disadvantaged youth, particularly for girls whose self esteem tends to drop as they mature, sexuality may be all they have to value. Children of teenage parents are more likely to have problems and to eventually become teenage parents themselves, thus perpetuating the cycle of poverty begun by a teenage birth. It is widely acknowledged that health and social status are intimately related such that individuals in higher social classes are healthier and live longer than those in lower classes. This is true regardless of whether income, education or another socioeconomic indicator is used and regardless of the health outcome used. Teen mothers are less likely to complete the education necessary to qualify for a well-paying job —only 38 percent of mothers who have children before age 18 obtain a high school diploma. This disparity in education, not surprisingly, tends to affect income level. Teenage mothers and fathers tend to have less education and are more likely to live in poverty than their peers who are not teen parents. Babies born to teen mothers are more likely to have health problems at birth, do poorly in school, do time in jail and also become teen parents. Teen pregnancy is the leading cause of females dropping out of high school. Furthermore, less than 2 percent of teen mothers attain a college degree by age 30. Because of their lower education status, teen mothers on average earn lower incomes than their peers, and are thus more likely to be in poverty. Unmarried mothers of all ages reported most dissatisfaction with educational achievement. With the little income of both parents, it’s very difficult to provide with the required nutrition and care. It’s very difficult for teenage mother and father to support themselves and their baby. As their education is cut short, it’s very difficult for teenage parents to find decent job. Some parents just abandoned their child to escape the poverty. Teen Fathers The adolescent father faces immediate developmental crises, which include completing the developmental task of adolescence making a transition to parenthood, and sometimes adopting to marriage. These transitions can be stressful. The decision to include the young father in all aspects of the care is based on assessment in the following four areas: (1) the couple’s relationship; (2) levels of stress, concern, and coping; (3) educational and vocational goals; and (4) the level of health education knowledge. Adolescent fathers need support to discuss their emotional responses to the pregnancy. The father’s feelings of guilt, powerlessness, or bravado should be recognize because of their negative consequences for the parents and the child. Counseling the adolescent fathers needs to be reality oriented. Topics such as finances, child care, parenting skills, and the father’s role in the birth experience must be discussed. Teenage fathers also need to know about reproductive physiology and birth control options as well as safer sex practices. The adolescent father may continue to be involved in an ongoing relationship with the young mother and his baby. In many instances, he also plays an important role in the decisions about child care and raising the child. He is encouraged to use coping mechanisms that are not detrimental to his own, his parent’s, or his child’s well-being. Fathers can experience postpartum depression. There is a lot of advice out there for girls who find them facing an unwanted or unexpected pregnancy but there is very little information out there for guys. It takes two to make a baby but all too often when the pregnancy is announced the guy gets lost in the confusion. But teen fatherhood is not something to be taken lightly and along with responsibilities to the mother and the child you have rights that you need to know about. Teen fathers are more likely to get involved with criminal behavior, including alcohol and drug abuse, and drug dealing. Depending on their age, teen fathers can also face charges of statutory rape. Teen fathers earn less over time than men who have children at an older age. Over time, teen fathers earn 10 to 15 percent less annually than male teens that wait to have children. A young fathers financial insecurity or confusion about child care was most likely to lead to a stated disinterest, and that disinterest predicted uninvolvement. .To be a good teen father you can do the following: Choosing to stand by your baby is a big deal and shows that you definitely have the potential for the job. If you are still in a relationship with the mother of the child then that’s great, you can work together to be good parents and raise a happy child. Be sure to support the mother through the pregnancy, it is a very difficult time for her and her body is changing in a big way. Try and have some sort of balance, if you are working constantly you will never get to see your child. Teenage fathers should be a role model to their baby. They are the one shaping the characteristic of their children. Teen Mothers The very young adolescent mother is inexperienced and unprepared to recognize the early sign of illness, potential danger, or household hazards. She may inadvertently neglect her child. The higher mortality rates among the infants of adolescent mother are attributed to the inexperience, lack of knowledge, and immaturity of the mothers, causing them to unable to recognize a problem and obtain the necessary resources to rectify the situation. Nevertheless, in most instances, with adequate and developmentally appropriate teaching, Adolescents can learn effective parenting skills. The transition to parenthood may be difficult to adolescent parents. Coping with the developmental task of parenthood is often complicated by the unmet developmental needs and tasks of adolescents. Some young parents may experience difficulty accepting a changing self image and adjusting to new roles related to the responsibilities of infant care. Other adolescent parents, however, may have higher self concepts than their non-parenting peers. As adolescent parents move through the transition to parenthood, they may feel different from their peers, excluded from fun activities, and prematurely forced to enter an adult social role. The conflict between their own desires and the infant’s demands, in addition to the low tolerance for frustration that is typical of adolescents, further contribute to the normal psychosocial stress of child birth. Maintaining a relationship with the baby’s father is beneficial for the teen mother and her infant the involvement of the baby’s father is related to appropriate maternal behaviors and positive mother-infant relationship. Adolescent mothers provide warm and attentive physical care; however, they use less verbal interaction than do older parents, and adolescents tend to be less responsive to interact less positively with their infants than do older mothers. In comparison with adult mothers, teenage mothers have a limited knowledge of child development. They tend to expect too much of their children too soon and often characterize their infants as being fussy. This limited knowledge may cause teenagers to respond to their infants inappropriately. Sex Education Comprehensive sex education can for the most part be considered to people as having no effect on teens to avoid sex, but others can see it has a way to decrease teen pregnancies in America. According to Advocates for Youth (2009), comprehensive sex education programs helped youth â€Å"delay onset of sexual activity, reduce the frequency of sexual activity, reduce number of sexual partners, and increase condom and contraceptive use. † An important component of an ongoing sex is effective communication with parents. When peers are the primary source of sexual information, it is transmitted and exchanged in secret conversation and contains a large amount of misinformation. Adolescent need precise and concrete information that we allow then to answer questions such as â€Å"What if I start my period in the middle of class? † or â€Å"How can I keep people from telling I have an erection? † it is important to tell them what they want to know and what they can expect to happen as they became mature sexually.

footprints new :: essays research papers

We all know the story of Footprints In The Sand, it's been around for > > > > >a long time. The following is a new version of Footprints that I had > > > >not read before. I hope you enjoy it. > > > > > > > >FOOTPRINTS...A New Version > > > >Imagine you and the Lord Jesus are walking down the road together. > > > >For much of the way, the Lord's footprints go along steadily, > > > >consistently, rarely varying the pace. But your footprints are a > > > >disorganized stream of zigzags, starts, stops, turnarounds, circles, > > > >departures, and returns. > > > > > > > >For much of the way, it seems to go like this, but gradually your > > > >footprints come more in line with the Lord's, soon paralleling His > > > >consistently. You and Jesus are walking as true friends! > > > > > > > >This seems perfect, but then an interesting thing happens: Your > > > >footprints that once etched the sand next to Jesus' are now walking > > > >precisely in His steps. Inside His larger footprints are your smaller > > > > >ones, you and Jesus are becoming one. > > > > > > > >This goes on for many miles, but gradually you notice another change. > > > > >The footprints inside the large footprints seem to grow larger. > > > >Eventually they disappear altogether. There is only one set of > > > >footprints they have become one. > > > > > > > >This goes on for a long time, but suddenly the second set of > > > >footprints is back. This time it seems even worse! Zigzags all over > > > >the place. Stops. Starts. Gashes in the sand. A variable mess of > > > >prints. > > > > > > > >You are amazed and shocked. Your dream ends. > > > > > > > >Now you pray: "Lord, I understand the first scene with zigzags end > > > >fits. I was a new Christian; I was just learning. But You walked on > > > >through the storm and helped me learn to walk with You." > > > > > > > >"That is correct." > > > > > > > >"And when the smaller footprints were inside of Yours, I was actually > > > > >learning to walk in Your steps; followed You very closely." > > > > > > > >"Very good.

Why Nuclear Power Is Needed Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionThe planetary addition in industrialisation and demand for energy coevals due to the spread outing population and increased trust on electrical tools, equipment and contraptions has placed intensifying degrees of strain on the systems which provide this electricity. In add-on, as developing states easy adapt to the industry-based economic systems of the remainder of the universe, the demand for safe, efficient energy coevals becomes even greater as the tendency spreads around the Earth. This can be clearly demonstrated in South Africa, where electricity demand is besides turning quickly. Harmonizing to Statistics South Africa ( 2010 ) the volume of electricity consumed in April 2010 increased by 6.6 per centum compared with April 2009 and ingestion for the first four months of 2010 by all states increased by 9.4 per centum compared with the first four months of 2009. Furthermore, the US Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) ( 2010a ) predicts that universe cyberspace electricity coevals will increase by 87 per centum, from 18.8 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2007 to 25.0 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2020 and 35.2 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2035. Harmonizing to the EIA ‘s International Energy Outlook 2010 ( IEO 2010a ) the world-wide escalation in energy monetary values from 2003 to 2008, accompanied by concerns about the damaging effects of nursery gas emanations, has led to renewed involvement in options to fossil fuels and peculiarly, atomic power. Therefore, with authorities support and higher fuel monetary values, the chances of large-scale atomic power transition is going progressively favourable. Presently, 48.9 % of power coevals comes from coal, 20.3 % Nuclear, 6.3 % Hydroelectric Conventional, 20.5 % natural gas, 1 % crude oil and 3.7 % assorted other beginnings ( Energy Information Administration 2010b ) . However, the EIA predicts that electricity coevals from atomic power will increase from about 2.6 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2007 to a projected 3.6 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2020 and so to 4.5 trillion kilowatt-hours in 2035 due to atomic power going more economically executable as monetary values for fossil fuels rise. Further grounds for atomic coevals pulling new involvement around the universe include states seeking diverseness of their energy supplies, bettering energy security, and supplying a low-carbon option to fossil fuels. However, with these positive stairss to eventual atomic version much uncertainness can still be found associated with this signifier of power coevals. Some of these issues include works safety, radioactive waste disposal, lifting building costs and investing hazard, and atomic stuff proliferation concerns and they could present great hazards for haltering the enlargement and execution of atomic power in the hereafter. In a study refering the support for atomic power among the populace in 1999, the Sustainable Energy Coalition ( 1999 ) reported that 59.8 % of those surveyed were opposed to the United Stated of America constructing more atomic power workss, 43.3 % voted for the United States to phase out its atomic power workss by 2020 and the most supported type of power works was renewable energy ( dwelling 61.5 % of the ballots ) . However, despite this, recent support for atomic power has been much greater. The IEO 2010 clearly reflects this tendency in that there has been an addition of 9 % in the comparative part of atomic power expected by 2030 from 2009 ‘s IEO. In add-on, harmonizing to a study conducted in 2010 by Jones ( 2010 ) of Gallup, which provides data-driven intelligence based on US and universe polls, 62 % of those US citizens surveyed supported atomic power, with 28 % demoing â€Å" strong favour † of the adaptation. In consideration of the above positions, this study aims to find whether atomic power is a executable option to conventional signifiers of energy coevals, and whether using it for future electricity production will be more efficient and in bend offer greater benefits in the long term, based on cost, energy production ability, safety and waste produced, than trusting on the current beginnings.Hypothesis: It is expected that the use of atomic power over conventional energy beginnings will present great benefits for all human communities and offer a really executable option to these beginnings, through supplying a cheaper, more dependable, more sustainable cleansing agent and safer signifier of electricity coevals.How atomic power plantsFuelA ­The fuel used in atomic power Stationss, Uranium, invariably undergoes self-generated fission at a really slow rate ensuing in the component breathing radiation. Due to the fact that these power station generate energy through the method of indu ced fission, this stuff is highly suited for the undertaking. Uranium is an component normally found on Earth, and to boot, the Uranium-238 ( U-238 ) atom has an highly long half life of 4.5 billion old ages ( Brain and Lambert 2000 ) This therefore means that big measures of the atom are still present in the land. Uranium on Earth comprises 99 per centum U-238 and 0.7 per centum uranium-235 ( U-235 ) ( both happening of course ) , and the staying measure includes the far rarer Uranium-234 which is formed by the decay of U-238. ( Brain and Lambert 2000 ) The ability of U-235 to disintegrate of course consequences in it being a suited fuel for both atomic power workss and atomic bombs. The U-238 besides decays like U-235, by the procedure of alpha radiation. This procedure involves the atom let go ofing an alpha atom, or two neutrons and two protons bound together. In add-on, U-235 besides undergoes self-generated fission in certain instances and furthermore it is besides one of the few substances that can undergo induced fission. Here, a free neutron collides with a U-235 karyon, which later absorbs it, becomes unstable and splits. A ­The chance of this occurring is comparatively high and during atomic energy production, the expulsion of one neutron consequences in extra fission taking topographic point in a concatenation reaction. The karyon which has captured the neutron so splits into two lighter atoms and releases either two or three new neutrons depending on the how the U-235 atom was split. This decay of a individual U-235 consequences in the coevals of about 200 MeV ( million negatron Vs ) , which although non being a significantly great sum entirely, the tremendous measure of atoms in even 1 kg of U, consequence in monolithic energy outputs when compared to other fuel beginnings. ( Brain and Lambert 2000 ) A ­During the procedure, great sums of heat and gamma radiation, composed of high-energy photons, is released. In add-on, the two atom merchandises of fission will let go of beta radiation, high velocity negatrons, and gamma radiation their ain gamma radiation. The energy released is derived from the fact that the merchandises produced weigh much less than the reactants and accordingly, this sum of weight is converted straight to energy harmonizing to the equation, E = mc2. Power Stationss, nevertheless, require enriched U to bring forth power, which contain more U-235, and hence costs will hold to be incurred in guaranting natural stuffs are suited for these Stationss.The power stationThe most indispensable intent of atomic power Stationss is to command the energy released during atomic fission, leting it to heat H2O into steam to, in bend, produce electrical energy. The U fuel beginning is normally found in 2.5-cm-long pellets ( Nuclear Energy Institute 2010 ) , and arranged into long rods, which are collected together in groups called packages. Inside a force per unit area vas, these packages are submerged in H2O which acts as a coolant for the rods. Power will merely be generated once the packages are supercritical. This means that, on norm, more than one of the free neutrons hits another U-235 atom to let go of energy. In add-on, this U is unstable and could easy overheat and run if non controlled. To forestall this, objects called control rods composed of neutron absorbing stuff such as Ag, In and Cd, are inserted into the uranium package with equipment that allow them to be raised or lowered. This mechanism of the rods being raised or lowered provide operators with the ability to command the rate of the atomic reaction. The control rods are raised out of the U when more heat is required, ensuing in less soaking up of neutrons, and lowered to make less heat. In the instance of closing down the reactor during an accident or fuel alteration, the rods are wholly lowered into the uranium package. The U bundle maps as the high-energy heat beginning required to turn the H2O in the steam generator into steam. This steam drives a turbine, which in bend spins a generator to bring forth power. Some atomic power workss include a secondary, intermediate heat money changer through which the reactor steam moves, to change over another measure of H2O to steam, which would so drive the turbine. This system poses important advantages in that the steam ne'er comes into contact with the turbine. Further reactors besides utilize gas ( C dioxide ) or liquid metal ( Na, K ) as coolant fluid which is brought into contact with the reactor nucleus and later these designs allow the reactor to run at higher temperatures more safely. On the exterior of the power station, a concrete line drive is normally found to house the reactor ‘s force per unit area vas and to boot it acts as a radiation shield. However, the line drive itself is found with a larger steel containment vas which contains the reactor nucleus, and besides the equipment used for refueling and care of the reactor. This vas besides acts as a barrier, forestalling escape of any radioactive gases or fluids from the power station. The concluding outer bed is a concrete edifice which protects the steel containment vas. Harmonizing to Brain and Lambert ( 2000 ) this concrete construction is sufficient to protect the reactor against great sums of break including natural catastrophes and terrorist onslaughts. In add-on, these secondary containment constructions besides provide farther support in forestalling the flight of radiation and radioactive steam released during accidents. In the instance of the Chernobyl catastrophe, the deficiency of this secondary containment construction ( as was characteristic of old Russian atomic workss ) , allowed radioactive stuff to get away into the surrounding environment harmonizing to Brain and Lambert ( 2000 ) . This position farther supports the statement for â€Å" hapless atomic power station designs † being the cause of most atomic catastrophes in the past, as will be discussed more extensively under the subject of â€Å" safety † . Linked to this thought is the control room. Here workers can supervise the atomic reactor and during the instance of accidents, if processs are decently followed, immediate action taken can forestall much of the possible jeopardies that could follow. Nuclear installations besides normally feature security margins and forces that managed and modulate the safe handling of sensitive stuffs.CostIn South Africa, coal power has dominated electricity coevals for many decennaries. This is largely because the great copiousnesss of coal in the state, and big graduated table excavation of these militias, have resulted in the procedure going cheaper as all of the systems required are already established. Consequently, South Africa has become the 5th largest coal bring forthing state in the universe, bring forthing 77 % of electricity from coal beginnings in what ESKOM ( 2010 ) refers to as the most cost-efficient and energy efficient manner of bring forthing electricity. Much of the deficiency of support for version of atomic power stems from the big start-up costs involved in constructed of suited atomic power workss. This can be clearly seen in comparing the current costs of atomic and coal Stationss being built. Harmonizing to Content ( 2008 ) a coal station to be built in Wisconsin in the United States of America in 2008 cost $ 1.1 billion, this even after a important addition had already taken topographic point due to lift in stuff costs, from a projected $ 850 million. On the other manus, in the same twelvemonth, harmonizing to Romm ( 2008 ) , Duke Energy, a gas and electricity services company in Ohio, reported that it would be $ 6 billion to $ 8 billion for building of a atomic works in Carolina and in add-on, a $ 14 billion power works was reported by Romm ( 2008 ) to be constructed in Florida by Progress Energy. The costs of the comparative fuel merchandises besides differ well, nevertheless as will be seen, the sums of these fuels required by the several power Stationss and the energy output evidently besides plays a great function in finding the cost efficiency of the procedure. One ton of natural coal in 2010 costs about $ 85.00 ( Flak 2010 ) and harmonizing to the World Nuclear Association ( 2010a ) , one kg of Uranium costs $ 115.00. Both coal and uranium demand to be refined, nevertheless, in order to be suited to be used in power Stationss. The coal is washed with a H2O or chemical bath to take some drosss and at the power works, pulverized to a heavy pulverization before being burned, on the other manus the Uranium needs to undergo transition, enrichment and fuel fiction. Therefore, although the existent cost for fuel as a whole will be somewhat different, comparatively the costs would be similar to those of the natural merchandises. However, although it may look that coal Stationss pose important economic advantages over atomic options, this is really non the instance at all. Harmonizing to European Nuclear Society ( n.d ) 1 kg uranium-235 corresponds to 2.7 million kilograms coal equivalent, intending that in the long term, one time capital costs have been covered, the atomic power Stationss would be far more cost efficient to be run for electricity coevals. Additional, this besides highlights the fact that while additions in fuel monetary values could hold major impacts of coal- and most other fuel intensive power sources- the effects on atomic Stationss would be minimum. This is clearly demonstrated in research by the World Nuclear Association ( 2010a ) presented in figure 1. Obviously, as clip progresses, progresss in atomic power engineerings result in cheaper and more efficient refinement, disposal and building on these Stationss. However, even with the current costs, it is clear that over clip, one time the installation has been established, runing costs will quickly worsen as low cost fuel cost outweighs the operating expenses for installing and building. Similarly, in 2008 research presented by the Brattle Group ( 2008 ) , in the Conneticut Integrated Resource Plan ( summarized in table 2 ) , found that although nightlong capital cost of atomic power Stationss was about dual that of coal options ( 4038 $ /kW compared to 2214 $ /kW ) , the eventual cost of electricity was still somewhat lower ( 8.35 c/kWh to 8.65 c/kWh ) . This research is supported by extra findings from the CEZ Group ( 2008 ) which further establishes the tendency for cheaper long term power coevals by atomic beginnings based on costs of electricity coevals by a new power station in the Czech Republic ( table 3 ) . The grounds from these beginnings clearly suggest that there are important benefits to using or change overing to atomic power. Obviously, developing states particularly will be put off by the big start up costs and the entreaty of merely fall backing to fossil fuel-based electricity coevals due to the low short term costs. In order for states to be more energy efficient and sustainable in the hereafter, nevertheless, it may be indispensable for them to change over to atomic power even though many people are still unsure about the dependability of this beginning of electricity.Energy production and handinessThe comparative energy content of the different fuels used for electricity coevals is highly of import in measuring the efficiency of the fuel as a beginning for long-run dependable power. Coal, which is used for energy coevals in the bulk of power Stationss, is a fossil fuel and hence as it is produced organically over many 1000000s of old ages there is a hazard that overuse coul d finally wash up the universe ‘s militias of coal. This concern is heightened by the fact that coal is has a far lower energy denseness than other fuel beginnings. Harmonizing to Howden ( 2007 ) there are still an estimated 909 billion metric tons of coal militias worldwide, and these will be sufficient to move as beginnings of electricity coevals for at least 155 old ages. However, the environmental impact of this burning, and hence the subsequent release of nursery gases, should non be forgotten- in add-on, the existent necessity of set uping systems to guarantee that the universe is suited to get bying with demands for energy production, one time this period elapses, is besides indispensable. On the other manus, harmonizing to the OCED Nuclear Energy Agency ( 2007 ) , there are still 5,469,000 metric tons of Uranium in the universe as of 2007 and accordingly, in visible radiation of the comparative use of fuel in atomic compared to char power Stationss as stated above, this means that they would be able to provide energy for far longer than presently utilised dodo fuels. The World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) studies that both uranium and coal are have a 33 % thermic efficiency when used for power coevals, although their energy densenesss differ significantly. A 1 million kilowatt power station is reported to necessitate a supply of about 3.1 million tones of coal each twelvemonth, whereas the atomic option would be 24 tones of U ( as UO2 ) which has been enriched to U-235. However, both these methods still require extended excavation and extraction in order for the fuel to be suited for usage. The comparative heat value given by the assorted fuel beginnings are stated in table 4 below, harmonizing to the values provided by the World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) . Table 4: Table demoing the comparative heat value given by assorted fuels, World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) In add-on, the find of atomic merger has offered great possibilities for sustainable atomic energy production in the hereafter. Nuclear merger differs from the normally used fission. In fission the karyon of an atom splits into lighter karyon, frequently bring forthing free neutrons and protons ( in the signifier of gamma beams ) and let go ofing energy. Fusion power involves the coevals of power through blending two light atomic karyon together to organize a heavier karyon and in the procedure let go ofing big sums of energy. Significant benefits of merger have already been found, and harmonizing to Ongena and Van Oost ( n.d ) in the â€Å" Energy for Future Centuries Report † this method poses great advantages over atomic fission including the sustainability of the fuel beginning used and the energy content of this fuel beginning. Harmonizing to the study the procedure normally involves the usage of heavy hydrogen, an isotope of H, as fuel and besides potentially lithium, th e world-wide militias of which are reported to be able to last 3000 old ages. In add-on the study states that Li from sea H2O would last 60 million old ages, and a more complicated merger procedure utilizing merely heavy hydrogen from sea H2O would supply fuel for 150 billion old ages and to boot supply three to four times every bit much energy output.SafetyNuclear power accidents are frequently so extensively covered by the media that doubts refering the safety of these systems have evidently been instilled in public perceptual experience. Consequently, this has in bend resulted in great apprehensiveness refering the building of new atomic workss. Harmonizing to Carbon ( 2003 ) the negative effects sing the use of atomic power to bring forth electricity is greatly misunderstood. He suggests that the current mentality airss big concerns sing that this could forestall farther growing of atomic power, without which it could be really hard to run into the clean-air ends established in the Kyoto protocol that are indispensable for a sustainable hereafter environment. The primary concern amongst most people involves the dependability of the atomic power station itself. Despite popular belief, nevertheless, the safety record of atomic power workss is highly high as will be demonstrated, and the two most well-known atomic catastrophes likely include the power station accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Islands. The Three Mile Island atomic catastrophe was caused by a nucleus meltdown of the pressurized H2O reactor. The catastrophe began when the H2O pumps that supplied the steam generators of the works all of a sudden stopped, and because the deficiency of steam was detected by the works ‘s safety system, the turbine powering the generator was instantly shut off. This caused force per unit area to construct in the atomic reactor of the works, and the nucleus well heated up until at least half of it had melted. The works was sing jobs because of a deficiency of coolant that, harmonizing to Lowitz and Black ( 2007 ) , if supplied right and in conformity with the safety processs prescribed, would hold controlled the overheating. Fortunately the catastrophe, nevertheless, resulted in no deceases and merely negligible injury to human wellness and the environment. The mean sum of radiation experienced by people populating within 10 stat mis of the works was reported to be simply eight millirem, approximately equal to a chest X ray ( American Nuclear Society n.d ) The Chernobyl catastrophe, on the other manus, was far more risky. It was caused by a everyday closure at the Chernobyl station which was designed to prove the ability of the works in working at low power. This in bend led to the reactor going unstable as the flow of chilling H2O slowed ; and the state of affairs was worsened as the works was unable to turn itself off due to disability of the automatic shutoff. After an unsuccessful effort by a worker to manually disenable the reactor, a power rush resulted alternatively, which blew the screen home base of the reactor off and showered the country in radioactive stuff and particulate affair. Subsequently, core black lead caught fire and burned for a period of nine yearss, during which huge sums of radiation was released into the ambiance. The effects were far making, even widening into different states, and immediate emptying was necessary. Still, even with the rapid response the firemans and assorted workers on the site suffered utmost radiation effects. The accident destroyed the Chernobyl 4 reactor ( due to the deficiency of a containment construction ) , killed 30 operators and firemen within three months and caused several farther deceases subsequently on ( World Health Organization 2006 ) . Additionally, three people died on site from detonation and Burnss and acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) was confirmed in 134 people who had been involved with the clean-up on-site, of which 28 finally died within a few hebdomads of the accident. ( World Health Organization 2006 ) Many beginnings, including the Moore ( 2006 ) and Carbon ( 2003 ) , nevertheless province that the specific design of the Chernobyl works and subsequent behavior of forces straight resulted in this catastrophe. Harmonizing to Moore ( 2006 ) the Chernobyl station consisted of an early theoretical account of Soviet reactor which had no containment vas rendering it highly undependable. He states that harmonizing to a U.N. Chernobyl Forum study in 2005, merely 56 deceases could be straight attributed to the accident, which largely included radiation or Burnss suffered while contending the fire. Furthermore, harmonizing to the Associated Press ( 2005 ) the U.N. study provinces that the largest wellness concern posed by the accident was the mental impact rendered from the deficiency of accurate information on the accident ‘s effects. However, to measure the safety of coal as fuel beginning, one would besides necessitate to see the safety of the procedure of mining the natural resources. Moore ( 2006 ) studies that where 5,000 coal-mining deceases occur worldwide every twelvemonth no 1 has died in a radiation-related accident in the history of the U.S. civilian atomic reactor plan. In add-on, because such great measures of coal are required, the procedure of managing and transporting the coal to the power Stationss themselves increases the clip workers are in contact with coal. The all right dust released from these this coal besides poses big wellness hazards. These include emphysema ( the 4th taking cause of decease in the US ) , chronic bronchitis and silicosis- all of which pose important wellness hazards and the possible hazards of which are directed wedged by long term coal exposure ( Swartout-Corbeil 2006 ) The safety of U excavation has besides undergone important betterments due to strict ordinance and control ( Finch 2006 ) and where 100s of uranium mine workers died from radiation exposure resistance in the early old ages of the industry, the job has now been corrected. The safety of atomic power coevals can farther be demonstrated by research conducted by Ball, et al. , ( 2001 ) which compare the occupational accident statistics of US and UK atomic reactors to those of coal-burning power coevals over the last 40 old ages ( table 5 ) . These figures clearly demonstrate that atomic power is a clearly safer agencies of bring forthing electricity, chiefly due to the great sum of excavation and conveyance involved, and hence the associated hazards of these activities, in providing coal to a power station. However, despite this, extra concerns have been established sing the terrorist onslaughts utilizing substances held at atomic reactors, which realistically, could present a great menace to human populations if used as a arm. Nuclear power workss are designed to defy utmost events such as hurricanes, twisters and temblors, but non needfully impacts by big aeroplanes such airliners- or bombs. Harmonizing to the Nuclear Control Institute ( NCI ) ( 2005 ) a direct, high-velocity hit such as that which would be caused by an aeroplane could hold a high possibility of perforating the containment edifice of a power reactor and that, later, this could take to the release of important measures of radiation into the environment- potentially taking to widespread malignant neoplastic disease deceases. However, the Center for Defense Information ( 2003 ) reported that a 1988 trial conducted by Chapin, et al. , ( 1998 ) in which an remote-controlled aeroplane was flown at about 772 kilometers per hours into a 3.5m thick concrete wall, found that upon impact, the plane would be destroyed, whereas the construction would merely pierced by a twosome of inches. This is supported by Moore ( 2006 ) who reports that the six-feet midst reinforced concrete containment vas would protect the interior contents of the reactor from tearing upon hit with a high velocity plane, or similar beginning of perturbation. In add-on, harmonizing to Behrens and Holt ( 2005 ) the protection of atomic power workss from ground-level assaults and calculated terrorist activities, has become a heightened national precedence since September 11 onslaughts. They province that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) has increased its ordinances on atomic reactor security and assorted measures refering atomic reactor security steps and demands were implemented after the 9/11 onslaughts. Other attacks taken include exigency response activities, instruction on containment of radioactive stuffs and extra regulative and legislative proposals. Linked to this is the menace on atomic arms being derived from atomic fuel. This poses the most serious hazard as it is the most hard issue to turn to. However, recent ordinances and security steps promise to battle this menace and, as with most other human development, there will evidently ever be a possibility of powerful engineering being utilized for illegal intents. Yet, it would be highly short sighted for this one issue to be used as a ground for censoring a engineering which would offer populations important advantages over presently utilised procedures. When looking at the hazards associated with other signifiers of electricity, the menaces involved are merely as important. Harmonizing to Carbon ( n.d ) a decease count of every bit much as 15,000 was reported due to dam failure in India in 1979, to boot the Natural Resources Defense Council ( n.d ) has estimated, utilizing surveies conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, that about 64,000 premature deceases consequence in American metropolitan countries due to particulate affair released into the ambiance from the combustion of fossil fuels, ensuing in human deaths of about 100,000 people per twelvemonth for the full state. Of the causes coal-burning power workss were listed as the primary subscribers, ensuing in about tierce of these deceases ( 33,000 per twelvemonth ) due to electricity works discharges. However, since atomic workss emit no particulate affair, the execution of these system could potentially salvage many lives in the hereafter.WasteNuclear waste is the ra dioactive waste that consequences from atomic reactors, and is divided into low, medium, and high-ranking waste by the sum of radiation the waste produces. The chief beginning of atomic waste is the of course happening radioactive stuffs ( NORM ) . In fact, all substances are somewhat radioactive from the decay of of course happening isotopes such as carbon-14, potassium-40, uranium-238 and thorium-232. However, atomic waste formed from NORM are non radioactive in most instances, even though they could bring forth unsafe degrees of radioactive gases. Human-built atomic reactors is the other chief beginning of planetary atomic waste. When an atom undergoes fission, the two pieces of the karyon may besides be radioactive, and take 1000s of old ages to disintegrate ( they are later known as fission merchandises ) . In add-on, other beginnings of atomic waste include the genteelness of new atomic fuel from U ( where already used fuel is reprocessed into new fission stuff ) , neutron activation of stuffs in the reactor ( where neutron radiation induces radiation in other stuffs, when the atomic nuclei gaining control free neutrons and go heavier and enter aroused provinces ) and besides from the remnant depleted U from the enrichment procedure. The atomic fuel package ( groups of rods dwelling of the uranium fuel beginning ) still contains much of the original U after being removed from the reactor, and this U does non fission easy. In add-on, assorted together with the U are transuranic elements every bit good as fission merchandises. Transuranic elemets are unstable elements with atomic Numberss greater than 92 that easy decay radioactively into other elements. They are formed from the neutrons responding with the U. It is finally through the procedure of atomic reprocessing that the mixture is separated through later screening the chemicals inside the used fuel. Due to the big differences in the measures of fuel used in the atomic and coal power Stationss, the waste output after the electricity has been generated is besides significantly different. In a 1000 MWw atomic reactor the about 27 metric tons taken from it each twelvemonth is extremely radioactive and gives off a batch of heat. A big part of this can be reprocessed and finally 97 % of the 27 metric tons is recycled. The staying 3 % , which equates to about 700 kilograms, is potentially risky, high-ranking radioactive waste and later has to be isolated from the environment for a really long clip. However, due to the little measure produced, it is comparatively easy to be controlled and disposed of in most instances. ( World Nuclear Association 2001 ) This involves chiefly three processs: 1. Deep ocean disposal: Here containers made of borosilicate glass, a type of glass made from silicon oxide and B oxide which is accordingly opposition to sudden alterations in temperature ( temperature dazes ) , are filled up with atomic waste. The glass prevents any atomic radiation from leaking out and is to boot enclosed in another water-tight metal container before being dumped into the ocean. If decently manintaned these containers should be leak-proof, despite guess there is a guess that little hints of radiation is still able to get away from these containers. 2. Deep geological entombment: This method uses containers similar to those in deep ocean disposal system but, in this instance, they are buried deep resistance, off from populated countries. Here, the disposal of the waste depends on the construct of natural decay of the radioactive stuff in order to be successful. By burying the stuff the intent is to let it to disintegrate to a safe degree of radiation, which will of course be determined by the half life of that substance. 3. Nuclear waste recycling: This is a new is a new waste disposal method where chemical procedures will be used to divide U, Pu and other fission merchandises into different watercourses utilizing chemical procedures and later allows the merchandises to be re-used or disposed of more easy. These procedures are to a great extent regulated by world-wide authoritiess and should, if conducted decently, non ensue in any possible hazards for the environment or human wellness. Again it can be seen, as with the safety of power Stationss, that atomic power merely becomes a menace if the proper protocols and already established safety processs are non followed right due to human mistake. In a 1,000 MWe coal-burning power station, nevertheless, about 7 million metric tons of C dioxide is produced each twelvemonth, with an extra 200,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide- both of which are a major beginning of atmospheric pollution. In add-on other waste merchandises are besides produced from the combustion of coal, including every bit much as 200,000 metric tons of fly ash ( which contains assorted toxic metals ) , carcinogens and mutagens ( substances that can do malignant neoplastic disease or lead to familial alterations ) every bit good as natural radioactive substances ( World Nuclear Association 2001 ) . In fact, harmonizing to a study on â€Å" Scientific American † online by Hvistendahl ( 2007 ) the fly ash carries 100 times more radiation into the environing environment than a atomic power works bring forthing the same sum of energy and the estimated radiation doses of people populating near the coal workss investigated were equal to or higher than doses fo r people populating around the atomic installations. A study by the Clean Air Task Force ( 2001 ) has found that all right atom pollution from U.S. power workss consequences in the decease of over 30,000 people each twelvemonth, and about two-thirds ( over 18,000 ) of these deceases could be prevented if sulfur dioxide and N oxide pollution are reduced by at least 75 per centum below 1997 emanation levels- a undertaking greatly likely with the use of atomic power. These changeless waste modus operandis can present important environmental and wellness menaces even great distances from the power station, if action is non instantly taken in cut downing the emanations. A few such effects include acerb rain caused by the release of S dioxide, which could ensue harvest decease and depletion of micro-organisms in dirt as the H2O seeps resistance in add-on to the release of unsafe chemicals which have been stored in substances in the dirt and can respond with the acid. Global heating could besides result- where nursery gases from industries contribute to greater volumes of heat being trapped by the ambiance, altering clime forms and hence besides impacting the migration of disease transporting beings, forestalling harvest growing and ensuing in biodiversity and ecosystem services loss which would be one million millions of Rand to provide manually. Any method of bring forthing electricity would affect at least some kind of waste merchandise. The lone ground why atomic waste causes so much argument is that it is the lone method of energy production where the procedure of waste disposal can is done manually and the costs are met by the power manufacturer themselves- unlike coal workss which merely emit wastes into the air. Harmonizing to the World Nuclear Association ( 2001 ) the atomic power presently prevents an extra 2.4 billion metric tons of C dioxide emanations from being released each twelvemonth.A Safer AlternativeNuclear mergerAs already discussed the construct of atomic merger would besides present great advantages over current methods of power coevals from atomic beginnings. This merger of light atoms into 1s with heavier karyon, which releases big sums of energy was first theorized by Hans A. Bethe of Germany in 1939 ( Nuclear Age Peace Foundation 2010 ) who suggested that much of the Sun and others stars ‘ ener gy semens are derived from the merger of four H karyon, into a individual He karyon. Fusion is hard to accomplish, nevertheless, because of the C barrier. This is a type of energy barrier caused from the force that two karyons need to get the better of so they can acquire near adequate to each other to transport out atomic merger. The job is that the most suited merger fuels normally have the lowest C barriers, and are hence are the least stable. These include isotopes of hydrogen-deuterium ( 2H ) and tritium ( 3H ) . Consequently, scientists today are unable to make and incorporate a merger reaction to utilize as energy, and the creative activity of uncontained reactions would ensue in H bombs, which are highly unsafe to all human life. However one time engineering progresss to a point where containment and use of the energy produced during this procedure is executable, merger could supply huge benefits over current atomic and coal beginnings, these include: 1. Bing an abundant fuel supply, as already discussed- heavy hydrogen can be easy extracted from normal H2O beginnings and is hence available to all states. In add-on, tritium is produced from Li, which can be obtained from many geological sedimentations or in oceans- therefore supplying many extra old ages of usage. These copiousnesss would raise world-wide concerns on fuel exhaustion and depletion. ( Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 1999 ) 2. No atomic accident risk- in theory, the sums of heavy hydrogen and tritium to be used in reactors are so little that big uncontrolled release of energy should non be possible. However, in the instance of accidents, the plasma blast should be restricted by the containment vas and finally cool down. 3. No air pollution- Like atomic fission, since no dodo fuels are used, there is no emanation of gases or particulate affair from burning of fuel. 4. No high-ranking atomic waste- the procedure of merger produces no fission merchandises and hence do non present managing and disposal jobs. Radioactivity is, nevertheless, produced by neutrons interacting with the reactor construction, but should stuffs be selected carefully selected, the handling and ultimate disposal of activated stuffs should be minimized significantly. 5. No menace of atomic weaponry- it is non possible to utilize the stuffs and byproducts of merger as atomic arms.DrumheadIn consideration of the above consequences, a sum-up of findings have been presented in table 6 below. Table 6: Table demoing the advantages and disadvantages of atomic power, every bit good as justification that support its usage above conventional beginnings Advantages Disadvantages Justification when compared to other energy beginnings Cheap in the long term Large start-up cost Due to the little measures used, atomic fuel costs are much lower than that of coal Stationss Abundant fuel beginning High hazards: atomic accidents such as meltdowns could ensue in long term worldwide impacts Nuclear power Stationss mortality rates are significantly lower than those of coal Stationss and coal excavation Energy content of fuel is high- 1 kg uranium-235 corresponds to 2.7 million kilograms coal equivalent Susceptible to terrorist onslaughts Reactor containment vass should protect against big perturbations New ordinances and Torahs have been established to minimise the hazard. Small measures of waste produced- merely 3 % of the one-year 27 metric tons of waste produced is non reclaimable, coal produces 7 million metric tons of C dioxide and 200,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide a twelvemonth Hazardous waste: Waste is radioactive and has to be contained and isolated from human populations for every bit long as 10 000 old ages before it is safe once more Correct containment processs should guarantee safety during disposal and handling The extent of public wellness affected by emanations of particulate affair from coal burning is much larger Low emanations of particulate affair and nursery gases Radiation produced could be harmful for environing communities Fly ash from coal emanations contribute merely every bit much radiationDiscussionThe consequences yielded by this survey accurately show the comparative effectivity of atomic power as an energy beginning. As demonstrated in table 2 and table 3 the comparative cost of electricity from atomic power beginnings will be significantly lower than that produced from most other beginnings, despite the building procedure being reasonably capital-intensive. In add-on, change overing to this beginning reduces dependance on fuel monetary values for finding energy costs ( fig 1 ) . Since atomic power utilizations such little measures of fuel, an addition in costs would hold to be sustained for reasonably long periods in order to hold important impacts of the overall costs of electricity coevals. Furthermore, the research by Howden ( 2007 ) and the OCED Nuclear Energy Agency ( 2007 ) suggest important benefits when utilizing atomic power in footings of the sustainability. These beginnings demonstrate that the current militias of U, used in atomic power, would be able to supply dependable energy for far longer than the current coal militias which are expected to be exhausted within the following century. The energy content of U has besides been found to be far greater than that of coal, giving more than 10 000 times the energy in the natural province ( World Nuclear Association 2001 ) . The difference in the comparative measures of fuel required by the different power Stationss is important as good, with far less measures of U being needed to bring forth the same energy ( European Nuclear Society ( n.d ) . Linked to this is the construct of safety. This is possibly the most good covered issue refering atomic power, with many people believing that atomic Stationss pose significantly greater wellness hazards than those of coal Stationss. However, harmonizing to the consequences, this would non look to be true. The causes of many of the most well-known atomic catastrophes have really been attributed, chiefly, to human mistake as good and hapless design of reactors in the yesteryear ( Moore,2006 and Carbon, 2003 ) . In add-on, far greater mortality has been reported in the coal excavation industry and coal-related electricity coevals than in that of atomic power, as supported by research of Ball, et al. , ( 2001 ) presented in table 5. Harmonizing to the consequences, the waste output of atomic power is besides much smaller. Therefore, these wastes can be much easier controlled and disposed of if sufficient ordinances and processs are in topographic point. The methods of atomic waste disposal, in add-on, are besides purely controlled and should be sufficient to forestall environmental devastation or negative human wellness hazards. Although the wastes produced in atomic power coevals are much more unsafe in little sums than the coal emanation equivalent, the significantly greater measures of coal emanations have really resulted in a much larger impact on wellness. In add-on, as research by Hvistendahl ( 2007 ) shows, through the emanation of fly ash, coal firing power Stationss can really ensue in radiation in populations environing the emanation station being equal to that of atomic power Stationss. Furthermore, coal power station besides poses extra hazards due to the content of emanation from burning. These include Carbon Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide which could ensue in acid rain and respiratory jobs and besides contribute significantly to the nursery effect- pin downing more heat in the ambiance and finally taking to planetary heating. Consequences have besides shown that the procedure of atomic merger can offer extra benefits over current atomic power coevals techniques. By offering a greater energy denseness and cut downing the sums of waste yielded in the process- atomic power has the potency for going even more efficient. In add-on, the fuel used in this procedure has besides been found to be more abundant than both coal and U and hence change overing to this medium would offer a much more sustainable beginning of power to the full universe.DecisionIt seems clear from the consequences that atomic power would be a executable option to conventional methods of power coevals. In fact, use of this medium could supply important benefits over current energy beginnings. Nuclear power has been shown to bring forth electricity much more economically and faithfully than assorted other fuels. The big copiousnesss of U, the atomic fuel beginning, and the highly little comparative measures required for bring forthing the same energy as in a coal power station offer great benefits when sing the wellness hazards experienced during big graduated table excavation, managing and conveyance of great volumes of coal. In add-on, consequences have shown that safety of atomic power Stationss is, in fact, much higher than those of coal workss and that if the established processs and ordinances are followed right, atomic power should present no important hazards to human wellness. Furthermore, the methods of atomic waste disposal and the ordinances that govern the procedure are extended. Consequences have shown that conventional energy coevals produces much greater waste than atomic power, although this is non ever as apparent. The use of atomic power has hence become a great necessity as ever-increasing degrees of nursery gases pose intensifying hazards for human wellness in the long term. The frights refering the possible negative impacts from radiation produced during the energy coevals in atomic power workss can besides non substantiated since coal Stationss have been shown to do similar effects. Finally, atomic power has besides shown great potency for future efficiency. The find of atomic merger offers an highly low waste, abundant and extremely energy dense option to conventional beginnings. This means that, as engineering progresss, atomic power will present even greater effectivity and in bend offer greater benefits, in footings of cost, energy production ability, safety and waste produced, than current beginnings of power coevals doing it indispensable to sustainable human endurance in the hereafter.

Was king henry an innovator?

Henry the VII was born on the 28th of January 1457 and had a very interesting life. He became king In the well-known Battle of Bowwow's where he killed the king at that time, who was Richard Ill with the assistance of the Stanley brothers. At that point In history, England was a very weak culturally, economically and militarily. England was also torn in half for years by a civil war which is also known as the Wars of the Roses. This meant that king Henry VII had not only inherited the crown but several major robbers, which Henry intended to solve these issues.Some of these problems were that the British Isles needed unification, as both Ireland and Scotland were both hostile and separate, or the English Just didn't have control over them. Another problem was the military development. The army Henry inherited with his crown relied on the bow, while other nations were moving on to fire arms. Above all else, though, King Henry VII planned to create a new dynasty; the Tudor dynasty. He w ent about solving these Issues In a very clever and unique style which proved to be effective.Some believed, though, that Henry merely adopted these ideas from previous monarchs and It just proved more effective In his rule. That's why there Is not an agreement on whether or not King Henry was an Innovator. Some historians argue that King Henry the VII was an innovator, and have many arguments to support them. Most, if not all, of these arguments revolved around three main areas which were finance, foreign policies and his relationship with the nobles. On the first area, Henry held money very close to his heart. He had adoptedEdward Avis use of the chamber (which can also show that he wasn't an innovator) but had ended up creating more than 3 times the revenue that Edward had made, which was due partly to the fact that Henry supervised his accounts more closely than Edward. Henry also TLD spoil his family. He was assisted greatly by the fact that the only relative In his family was his uncle who had passed away a decade after his reign. Further proof can be seen by â€Å"He was careful not to give away much to his wife's relatives, the Woodpile connection, to whom Edward had been more generous†.Henry also developed to a fine are his recognizes, which were basically a way of ensuring that henrys more important subjects obeyed the law and lived in peace. The way these recognizes worked were that if a nobleman or gentleman offended the king, or that their conduct was a threat to the public order, they would be obliged to pay specified sums of money if they broke the conditions laid down by the recognizes. It is shown that out of the 62 peers that existed between years 1485 and 1 509, 46 of them were under recognizes at one point or another.This as henrys method of holding the upper class to ransom for their good behavior. At the start of Henrys reign, he had inherited a considerable debt, but ended up becoming solvent In the beginning of his reign. Henry n ot only became solvent but ended up securing a surplus In his later years. He also had a very strong relationship with the nobles. During The Wars of the Roses, many nobles had taken advantage of relationship to the nobility than his predecessor did.Henry, unlike Edward who made nine new earls, only made two new earls who were his stepfather Lord Stanley and Edward Courtesan. Another difference between Henry and Edward were that there were no â€Å"super-nobles†, while in Edwards reign; he had made his mother's brother more powerful by showering him with land. Henry was very cautious not to reward too generously, even to the nobles who were most useful to him. Retaining, which was that lords could retain servants or followers to serve him in war or peace, was a major problem for Henry.Both Henry and his predecessor knew that they shouldn't end it all together, as they recognized a nobles right to retinue, due to the fact that these ties of loyalty between lords and their foll owers were important for the smooth functioning of society'. Henrys aim, though, was to attempt to end the lawlessness and corruption which could result if retaining remained unchecked. That is when he created the rule in 1504, which stated that every lord had to obtain a license for his retinue from the king equipped with a list of named retainers. The main difference between Henry and Edward was that Henry enforced his laws in a more resolute way.Foreign policies were another one of his specialties. Both Edward and his successor .NET about similarly taking claim to the French throne, both led invasions of France and both achieved treaties by which the French king agreed to pay them annually. They were also very similar with Scotland, as both of them concluded long truces with their neighbors which were eventually broken up by open war. Differences between the two kings were even clearer. King Edward was the renaissance prince, and sought out to gain land by attempting to invade Fr ance and Scotland, which were both serious attempts to gain some of the land that England had lost.Henry on the other hand was quite the opposite. He was â€Å"more inclined to peace than war†. Henry had signed a treaty with Spain to ensure security. The treaty of friendship opened the way to marriage between Catherine of Argon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Henrys eldest son, Prince Arthur. He had also strengthened his connections with Scotland by marrying his daughter Margaret and James IV of Scotland, and also ensured that Henry VIII should marry Catherine of Argon, after the death of Prince Arthur.

Free Essays on John Loackes Social Contract

Locke’s Social Contract: A Convincing Justification for the Political Order After the English Civil War, justifying political authority became a particularly pressing concern. After all, the nation fought a bloody war to determine whether its supreme authority would be King Charles I, who claimed rule by divine right, or the Parliament. Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan was published in 1651, shortly after the Rump Parliament voted to execute the often-intractable Charles I in 1649. The chaos of the Civil War, regicide, and the establishment of Cromwell’s Protectorate surely led Hobbes to favor a sovereign with absolute power. In contrast, Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, published in 1690, was greeted by a starkly different English political culture. The 1688 Glorious Revolution, a bloodless coup in which the last Catholic monarch, James II, was finally deposed, allowed for the acceptance of the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights finally guaranteed the supremacy of Parliament and the political and civil rights of the people . Granted the historical fact of the Glorious Revolution, Locke embraces the people’s right of revolution, and assigns the sovereign reciprocal responsibilities to his subjects that Hobbes does not do. Although Hobbes and Locke ultimately design markedly different states, each justifies the political order with a social contract. The social contract does, indeed, provide a convincing justification for the political order. To substantiate the social contract as a valid justification for the political order, I will primarily examine Locke’s social contract between people and sovereign, rather than Hobbes’s social contract among the people, because Locke’s theory is generally superior and more contemporarily relevant. I will first examine the pre-political state of persons, which is the state of nature, and demonstrate that rational individuals are compelled to enter society by agreei... Free Essays on John Loacke's Social Contract Free Essays on John Loacke's Social Contract Locke’s Social Contract: A Convincing Justification for the Political Order After the English Civil War, justifying political authority became a particularly pressing concern. After all, the nation fought a bloody war to determine whether its supreme authority would be King Charles I, who claimed rule by divine right, or the Parliament. Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan was published in 1651, shortly after the Rump Parliament voted to execute the often-intractable Charles I in 1649. The chaos of the Civil War, regicide, and the establishment of Cromwell’s Protectorate surely led Hobbes to favor a sovereign with absolute power. In contrast, Locke’s Second Treatise on Government, published in 1690, was greeted by a starkly different English political culture. The 1688 Glorious Revolution, a bloodless coup in which the last Catholic monarch, James II, was finally deposed, allowed for the acceptance of the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights finally guaranteed the supremacy of Parliament and the political and civil rights of the people . Granted the historical fact of the Glorious Revolution, Locke embraces the people’s right of revolution, and assigns the sovereign reciprocal responsibilities to his subjects that Hobbes does not do. Although Hobbes and Locke ultimately design markedly different states, each justifies the political order with a social contract. The social contract does, indeed, provide a convincing justification for the political order. To substantiate the social contract as a valid justification for the political order, I will primarily examine Locke’s social contract between people and sovereign, rather than Hobbes’s social contract among the people, because Locke’s theory is generally superior and more contemporarily relevant. I will first examine the pre-political state of persons, which is the state of nature, and demonstrate that rational individuals are compelled to enter society by agreei...

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The elemments of the funds of knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The elemments of the funds of knowledge - Essay Example The information learned from teachers about their students is the student’s funds of knowledge. The paper captures the elements of funds of knowledge. According to this concept, many families had much knowledge that the learning institutions did not know about and were unused. Researchers realized that there were rural households having some technical and entrepreneurial skills. Each family had some knowledge to share with the rest of the families. Therefore, the sharing of information creates a network that when harnessed can be a precious intellectual resource. The concept advocates that the teachers have a role in developing effective instructional approaches that enhance learning. Additionally, teachers must use activities that involve students as thoughtful learners in a socially meaningful task. In conclusion, the researcher behind this concept urges teachers to create their social networks of providing help to one another in taking advantage of the community resources. The student’s reliance on the teacher grows steadily while the resources in the community continuously become scarce. In employing the concept, teachers will have a better opportunity in helping minority and bilingual kids achieve authentic literacy. Hence, they will foster a sense of togetherness in the community and bestow an efficient system of

When Friend Forgets to Pay Back Loans Personal Statement

When Friend Forgets to Pay Back Loans - Personal Statement Example This is true, and such situations need to be handled with care. If a friend of mine does not repay the loan, I will have no option but to confront him in a peaceful and amicable manner. Firstly, I would arrange for the both of us to have an open talk. A friendly and confiding talk can bridge the gap that the unpaid loan has brought in. Next, I would ask him for the reason that had prevented him form keeping up his word. I shall help him take me into confidence and confide in me about his position or circumstance. By treating him with courtesy and not intending to spoil our friendship, I would also talk to him openly about my dilemma. The fact that I am in a financial crunch and in bad need of the sum would be explained to him in a very amicable manner. Next, I would go no to tell him that if not for this crunch, I wouldn't have been hell-bent and too strict with the dates of repayment. I would politely but strictly tell him to repay it within a week at the maximum.